The history of science and education proves that during the process of knowledge acquisition a stereotype of the notions concerning the nature around us and consequently a stereotype of thinking is formed. This stereotype is so strong that the current generation of scientists cannot change it. Only a generation of young scientists has the power to cope with this task, because their thinking is not enslaved by the stereotype notions. New thinking of the youth rejects a reconciliation with the innumerable contradictions in knowledge being accumulated, and tries to find the ways of their elimination. This is a law of historical development of science. There is no force which could change this law.
The contradictions of our theoretical knowledge concerning the nature around us have already formed the conditions for the implementation of the above-mentioned law. That's why there is every reason to acquaint the future theoreticians with the essence of the problems, which they will be compelled to solve.
APPEAL TO FUTURE PHYSICISTS AND CHEMISTS-THEORISTS
First of all, I must apologize for my invasion into your personal notions concerning the state of theoretical physics and theoretical chemistry at the beginning of the 21st century. I have devoted more than 20 years to the analysis of this state. Now when the outlines of this state have become clear, I’d like to bring them to your notice.
The state of modern theoretical physics is being criticized, and a number of the persons who want to improve it are increased. An analysis of the results of their search demonstrates a complete lack of the unity of understanding of these things that remain the incomprehensible ones. It is an alarm sign. If we fail to find a firm basis, on which our search should be based, we are doomed to the next fruitless theoretical century.
We admire the achievement of experimental physics and experimental chemistry, and many of us pretend that they understand physical essence of these achievements. But if this notion is considered closely, it turns out that our theoretical notions concerning experimental achievements are far from the physical and chemical processes and phenomena, which take place actually.
When we observe the finest details of the outward things, we understand that the information carriers, which bring these details to us, as well as TV sets should be less than these details and should be localized in space, i.e. they should occupy a limited space volume. We call them the photons. They are produced by the atomic electrons during their energy jumps and play the role of the elementary carriers of energy and information. They produce a scale of the electromagnetic emissions, which wavelength and frequency are changed within the interval of 25 orders of magnitude. Strange to say, but energy of each photon is equal to a product of Planck constant by frequency. We understand that in this case some laws of the Nature should govern constancy of Planck constant and the photon location in space, but we do not know these laws yet.
We have been trying to find an answer to the question for more than 300 years: why do the photons being the particles produce the diffraction patterns similar to the waves. Schroedinger probability densities of behaviour of the elementary particles remain inconceivable for us. Still we do not know how a moving aggregate of the elementary particles interacts with the obstacles and produces the diffraction patterns similar to the wave patterns. Strange to say, but maximum of electromagnetic emission of the Universe corresponds to the limit low temperature, and we do not know why.
We are proud of our achievements in the field of understanding of heat and temperature. But the physical essence of heat and temperature remains a puzzle for us. We are astonished that the absolutely low temperature is in the Nature, but we do not know a main reason of its existence.
Our theoretical naivete is unlimited. We identify the Doppler’s effects, which are produced by the wave processes, with the effects of a spectral line shift. We do not understand that these phenomena are completely different. We are astonished by constancy of the Compton’s wavelength of the electron being determined with great accuracy, but we do not know a reason of this constancy.
We like to draw patterns with an orbital motion of the electrons in the atoms, but still we do not know how the electrons, which move on the orbits, unite the atoms in the molecules. We derive a formula for a calculation of the hydrogen atom spectrum from the orbital motion of the electron and we are naive in our supposition that it cannot be obtained during a linear interaction of the electron with a proton of the nucleus.
The physicists and chemists are united in admiration of an authority of the Schroedinger equation. In order to escape from the contradictions in apprehension of a formation of the molecules from the atoms during the orbital motion of the electron, they have invented a saving term “orbital”, which symbolizes probability density of an electron stay in this or that area of the atom. They are not embarrassed by the fact that a new term does not clarify a pattern of the interaction of the valance electrons in the molecules. The contradictions of such notion to common sense and matter of fact are ignored.
It is known that the electrons in the atoms can occupy various energy levels. It appears from this that their binding energies with the nuclei should be changed, and they should be in the spectra of the atoms and the molecules. But it is mystery how many energy levels the atomic electron has and how its binding energy with the nucleus is changed. As the chemists cannot calculate the binding energies between the valance electrons, they introduce various amusing notions, such as electron affinity.
The physicists and the chemists understand energetics of the processes of fusion of the atoms and the nuclei in a more amusing way. They are bold in giving the megaelectron values of the nuclear fusion energies, because they suppose that these values are realized in the nuclear reactors into the thermal energy. They do not know that thermal energy is formed by the thermal photons, which are produced only during a fusion of the atoms and the molecules, not the nuclei.
A list of questions, which have been put by the experimenters to the theorists, can be continued, but obviously it is enough in order to ponder why it takes place and if there is a way out of the existing situation.
We give a reply at once: there is a way out, and it has already been found. It is possible to escape from such global errors under the only condition: it is necessary to return to the initial notions, on which our knowledge concerning the environment is based, and to check completeness of axiomatics, which has been used by us in building the mathematical evidences of interpretation correctness of the experimental results.
“Space” notion is the first and the most important scientific notion. If there were no space, nothing would be . “Matter” notion is the second important one; “time” notion is the third important notion. Many people will tell that it is the known truth. Yes, it is the known truth, but how do we use it in our scientific search? Do we take into account an interrelation of the essences, which reflect these notions? Some people will reply positively and will give Minkowski’s opinion that the places and the times taken together is a subject of our perception. This observation reflects a unity of space and time, which has been accepted as an axiom and on which the physics of the 20th century has been based.
It sounds strange. Can time be in space where there is no matter? Certainly, not. Time appears in space only when matter appears in it. It appears from this that “the unity” outfit includes not only space and time, but matter as well. Let us call this fact an axiomatic one and the space-matter-time unity an axiom.
An axiom is an independent judge. An evidentiary base of the judicial functions of the unity axiom is published in the Internet in Russian in the book “The Foundations of Physchemistry of Microworld”, the 7th edition, 2006, 640 pages. http://Kanarev.innoplaza.net Articles 71-78. In English: http://Kanarev.innoplaza.net “The Foundations of Physchemistry of Microworld”. The 7th edition. 2006. 640 pages. Quants1-20. This book contains detailed answers to the questions put above and many other ones.
Dear physicists and chemists - theorists,
I must apologize that the unity axiom has already sent the large part of your theoretical proceedings and the proceedings of your predecessors to a section of history of science as the ones, which do not reflect a reality. The unity axiom executes its judicial functions, and each theorist should know them. A refusal to become acquainted with the judicial functions of the unity axiom is equal to a fruitless theoretical work.
-Professor Ph. M. Kanarev
PROSPECTS OF THEORETICS PHYSICS
To last years it is much written about lacks of theoretical physics. Experimenters have put set of questions which demand the answer for understanding of results of experiments before theorists. The future theoretical physics should answer what questions? We shall try to make the brief list of such questions. The theoretical physics which will allow to receive answers to below listed questions, will open prospect for deep understanding of a microcosm.
1. Why till now reliability of Theories of the Relativity of A. Einstein and why the criticism of these theories proceeds from the moment of their birth precisely is not established?
2. Why the science till now has not developed criterion for an estimation of connection of any theories with a reality which would not depend on subjective opinion of any scientist?
3. Who among the scientists was the first to make the first fundamental generalization in exact sciences, on which these sciences are based yet and will be based perennially?
4. Who among the scientists made the second fundamental generalization in exact sciences, which resulted in technical revolution?
5. Why has the development of physical and chemical theories been slowed down at the end of the 20th century that can describe diversity of the micro world opened by the experimenters?
6. Is the third fundamental generalization necessary in exact sciences? What is the content of this generalization?
7. Why does science get no coordinated definition of the notions of an Axiom and a Postulate as yet?
8. What is the difference between an axiomatic affirmation and a postulated affirmation?
9. Why do the scientists fail to establish the main scientific notions and to rank them depending on the level of significance for scientific investigations as yet?
10. What axioms should originate from the main scientific notions? What role do they play in scientific investigations?
11. Why is an international agreement between the scientists unavailable concerning the necessity to use the axioms and the postulates in order to determine a connection of the existing and new physical and chemical theories with reality as yet?
12. Does a value of an axiom depend on its acceptance by the scientific community?
13. What criteria determine a value of a postulate?
14. What role will the space-matter-time unity axiom play in development of exact sciences?
15. Whether Lorentz's transformations contradict an axiom of Unity?
16. In what essence of the global contradiction between an axiom of unity of space and time on which the physics of XX century was based, and an axiom of Unity of space, a matter and time on which the physics of XXI century will be based?
17.Why process of development of fruitless physical theories till now is not stopped?
18.Why equations Maxwell received in 1865, till now have not allowed to reveal electromagnetic structure of electromagnetic radiation and, in particular, structure of a photon?
19. Why do Maxwell’s equations, despite the fixed fact that the photons are emitted by the electrons during their energy transitions, affirm the formation (for example, by a radio transmitter aerial) of an electromagnetic field, which structure remains undetermined?
20. How electromagnetic radiation as mutually perpendicular sinusoids following from Maxwell’s equations, is located in space, changing the main parameters length of a wave and frequency in a range of 25 orders?
21. It is known that the photons are emitted by the atomic electrons. What is emitted when a radio wave or a TV signal is formed?
22. Do the single photons form the whole scale of electromagnetic emission or are there the areas of the scale of electromagnetic emissions, which are formed by a set of the photons?
23.What electromagnetic structure of a photon?
24.What sizes of area of space in which the photon is located?
25.How the sizes of area of space in which the photon is located, are connected to length of a wave, frequency and energy of photons of all scale of electromagnetic radiations?
26.What forces locate a photon in space?
27.What law operates localization of photons in space?
28.How the structure and the geometrical sizes of a photon with change of length of a wave and frequency of electromagnetic radiation varies?
29.Whether all scale of electromagnetic radiations is formed with individual photons or there are areas of a scale of electromagnetic radiations which are formed by set of photons?
30.Where border on a scale of electromagnetic radiations between individual photons and set of photons?
31. Why electromagnetic radiation, changing the length of a wave and frequency in so wide range, has the same speed of distribution equal to speed of light?
32.Why with increase in length of a wave of electromagnetic radiation frequency decreases?
33.Why penetrating ability of photons increases with reduction of length of a wave and increase in frequency of radiation?
34.Why energy of a photon is defined by two mathematical dependences: product of weight of a photon on a square of speed of light and product of a constant of Planck on frequency of a photon?
35. Why Planck's determining energy of a photon the constant, has dimension of the kinetic moment and is size vector?
36.Whether are energy of individual photons and individual electrons sizes vector?
37.If electrons absorb and radiate photons, addition and their subtraction energy as vector sizes, should go by rules of vector algebra. What results of experiments prove this fact?
38.What law of the Nature operates a constancy of a constant of Planck?
39.What law operates a constancy of speed of movement of photons?
40.Why photons do not exist in rest?
41.Why photons possess properties of a wave and a particle simultaneously?
42.Why photons move rectilinearly?
43. Why are the photons polarized?
44.Why photons have no charge?
45. Why is velocity of all photons of the scale of electromagnetic emissions the same?
46. Along what wave path does the photon mass centre move?
47. In what way is the amplitude of oscillation of the photon mass centre connected with its wavelength?
48. In what way is Heisenberg inequality connected with the structure of the photon and its geometric parameters?
49. Heisenberg inequality limits accuracy of geometrical and kinematical experimental information. Does this inequality exert influence on accuracy of theoretical information?
50. Whether there are latent parameters of a photon?
51.Whether it is possible to deduce with the help of the latent parameters analytically all mathematical models postulated earlier describing behavior of a photon?
52.Why at Bruster’s corner and concurrence of planes of falling, polarization and reflection the factor of reflection of light is equal to zero?
53.Whether there is a conclusion of Frinel’s formula for calculation diffraction the rings, distinct from a conclusion offered by Frinel?
54.Whether the new conclusion of formula Frinel to interpretation of wave properties of light influences?
55.How it is directed spin of a photon in relation to a trajectory of its movement?
56.Whether spins of photons cooperate at crossing trajectories of their movement?
57.Whether interaction spins photons and other elementary particles influences at crossing trajectories of their movement formation diffraction pictures?
58.Whether changes a direction of movement of photons their interaction spins?
59. Diffraction picture behind a wire disappears if to close a contour of a wire on the one hand. Why?
60.Why light monochromatic beams approach at identical circular polarization and make a start at different circular polarization?
61.Why light is polarized a plane of reflection?
62. Whether has a reflected photon a cross-section component of a pulse?
63. Why with reduction of length of a wave of photons their mass increases?
64.Why penetrating ability of photons increases with reduction of their length of a wave and simultaneous increase in their frequency?
65.Why the stream of photons forms diffraction and interference pictures?
66.Why behind two cracks, the distance between which is commensurable with length of a wave of a photon, the picture is formed abnormal interference?
67. Why the corner of falling of a photon is equal to a corner of reflection irrespective of orientation of a plane of rotation (polarization of a photon)?
68. Whether at once the photon after reflection or birth has speed of light or in the beginning goes with acceleration?
69.Whether loses a photon energy in transient?
70. Why internal diffraction borders are formed by the photons cooperating with opposite edges of obstacles, forming diffraction pictures?
71. Why external diffraction borders are formed by the photons moving from a dot light source and reflected from edges of obstacles, forming diffraction pictures?
72.Why all elementary particles at interaction with obstacles form diffraction the pictures similar wave pictures?
73.Why range of distribution of a superficial radiowave increases with increase in its length?
74.How the radiowave lengh in kilometers transfers the information to the aerial of the receiver which sizes can be some centimeters and even much less?
75.What nature of relic radiation?
76.Why relic radiation has the greatest intensity in a millimetric range?
77.Whether formation clasters elementary particles is possible: electrons, protons, etc.?
78.Whether we have is right to use mathematical model of calculation of effect Doppler, following of Lorentz's transformations, for calculation of infra-red displacement of spectra?
79.Whether there is a classical mathematical model for calculation of effect Doppler which yields more exact results, than relativistic model?
80.Whether there is a unequivocal answer: whether the universe extends whether or not?
81.What experiment should be put to receive the unequivocal answer about a condition of the universe. It extends whether or not?
82.Whether there is a classical conclusion of mathematical model of the law of radiation of absolutely black body?
83.What physical sense two basic factors in Planck's formula for calculation of radiation of absolutely black body have?
84.What physical sense has numerical factor in Planck's formula for calculation of radiation of absolutely black body?
85.How it is directed spin of electron in relation to an axis of its rotation?
86. Why energy of electron will consist of two components: potential and kinetic?
87.Whether the weight of electron changes at absorption and radiation of photons?
88.Whether there is a theoretical and experimental proof of absence of orbital movement of electron in atom?
89.Under what law change energy of connection of all electrons with nucleus of atoms?
90.How these of energy change at formation of molecules?
91.On what mathematical models spectra of stationary power levels of electrons in atoms and ions pay off?
92.How Compton’s length of a wave electron is connected to its radius?
93.What law operates a constancy Compton’s lengths of a wave of electron?
94.Why in effect Compton intensity of the displaced component decreases with increase in number of a chemical element?
95. Why effect Compton is registered only at use of X-rays?
96.Whether the law of conservation of energy in effect Compton is observed?
97. Whether there is a connection between mathematical model of formation of spectra of atoms and ions and A.Einstein's describing the phenomenon of a photoeffect the mathematical model?
98.What real physical sense work of an exit in the mathematical model of a photoeffect offered by A.Einstein has?
99.Whether the mathematical model of the law of formation of spectra of atoms and ions to define a source of photoelectrons in the phenomenon of a photoeffect allows? Atoms or molecules radiate photoelectrons in the phenomenon of a photoeffect?
100. What value for the future chemistry will have the law of formation of spectra of atoms and ions from which absence of orbital movement electron in atom follows?
101. Whether will simplify absence of orbital movement electron in atoms the description of processes of synthesis both destruction molecules, and clasters?
102. Whether will simplify absence of orbital movement electrons in atoms textbooks in chemistry and whether will raise it appeal of chemistry, how sciences, for youth?
103. What mistake was made by Michaelson and Morly in the interpretation of their famous experiment?
104. Why do the results of Michaelson-Morly experiment conflict with the results of Sagniac experiment?
105. Whether exists neutrino in the Nature and whether probably to prove it experimentally?
106. In what the essence of a hypothesis replacing neutrino and is more correct explaining all cases misbalance of mass and energy, fixed in a microcosm experimentally?
107. What electromagnetic structure electron?
108.Why kinetic energy of electron is equal to its potential energy?
109. What electromagnetic phenomenon in structure electron forms its electric charge and potential energy?
110. To that intensity of a magnetic field of electron near to its geometrical center is equal?
111. Why electrons as against photons can exist in a condition of rest?
112. What laws operate stability of electromagnetic structure of electron?
113. Whether the mass of electron varies at radiation and absorption of photons by it?
114. Whether can electron exist in a free condition without restoration of the mass after radiation of a photon?
115. How electron radiates and absorbs a photon?
116. Where electron takes energy for restoration of stability of the free condition after radiation of a photon?
117. Why spin of electron it is equal Planck's to constant, instead of its half how was considered till now?
118. Why the mass and a charge of electron are constant?
119. Whether changes mass and a charge of electron at power transitions in atom?
120. How the vector of the magnetic moment of electron in relation to a direction its spin is directed?
121. Why vectors of the angular and magnetic moments of electron coincide on a direction, instead of are directed opposite how was considered till now?
122. Whether exist the clusters of electrons, and whether there is to this a proof?
123. How electron’s the length of a wave is connected to radius of its rotation?
124. Why the length of a wave of the infra-red photon radiated by electron, is more than length of a wave of electron on three order?
125. Whether the photon radiated by electron goes, with acceleration or at once has speed of light?
126. How electron absorbs and radiates a photon at power transitions in atoms, ions and molecules?
127. Why there is an explosion at connection of hydrogen with oxygen?
128. Explosion is a simultaneous transition of a plenty electrons atoms on the bottom power levels and radiation during this moment of photons. This implies, that the sizes of the radiated photons should be much more sizes electrons. As far as it is more and why?
129. If electrons fly on orbits around of nucleus of atoms how they connect atoms in molecules? What forces provide this connection?
130. Why electron, being a particle, forms diffraction and interference pictures?
131. How electron of atom of the hydrogen, not having orbital movement in atom cooperates with a proton?
132. What forces pull together electron with a proton in atom and what limit this rapproachement?
133. In how many times the size of atom of hydrogen is more than size of a proton and electron?
134. How many power levels the atom of hydrogen has?
135. Why atoms of hydrogen exist in a free condition only at temperature more 4000С?
136. How two atoms of hydrogen form a molecule of hydrogen? What forces pull together these atoms and what limit their rapproachement?
137. Why molecules of parahydrogen and orthohydrogen exist?
138. Proton or electron have the greatest magnetic moment in atom and a molecule of hydrogen?
139. How vectors a spin and the magnetic moment of protons and electrons in atoms and molecules of hydrogen are directed?
140. How many power levels can have electron in atom of hydrogen and what factor limits the top power level?
141. To that is the maximal length of a wave of a photon equal?
142. Why relic radiation is formed at temperature close to absolute zero?
143. Why there is absolutely low temperature?
144. What set of photons defines temperature?
145. How the photon carries out functions of the elementary carrier of energy?
146. How the photon carries out functions of an elementary data carrier?
147. How the photon brings the information in the TV?
148. What role is played with the Vina’s law in formation of temperature?
149. What photons form thermal energy?
150. To that is the constant providing a constancy of products of lengths of waves of photons and absolute temperatures in two points of the universe equal?
151. Whether can to reduce the born photon length of the wave?
152. Whether can to increase the born photon length of the wave?
153. On how many orders the radius of the black hole formed from a star with parameters of the Sun will decrease if to take into account length of a wave of electromagnetic radiation? On how many orders the density of substance of such hole will increase?
154. Why does Schwarzschield’s formula for the black hole radius calculation fail to take into account the wavelength of the photons?
155. What mistakes are supposed by astronomers in the astrophysical supervision, using erroneous Schwarzschield’s formula for calculation of radius of a black hole?
156. Is it a large mistake, which has been made in the determination of the value of the photon motion path deviation due the gravitational field of the Sun by Eddington’s expedition trying to prove validity of Einstein’s theories of relativity?
157. Why the energy spent on electrodynamic or mechanical break of connections in molecules of less energy of thermal break of these connections?
158. Why in ventilating systems and hydraulic systems cavitations waters additional thermal energy is generated?
159. How process of generating of additional thermal energy is connected to the law of conservation of energy?
160. At what power levels are electrons atoms of hydrogen in molecules of water?
161. On what size energy of connection between atoms of hydrogen and oxygen in molecules of water changes at its heating on one degree?
162. Why the account of energy of synthesis of molecules of hydrogen at low-voltage electrolysis waters shows presence of additional thermal energy, and in real experiments and production cycles of reception of hydrogen it is absent?
163. The existing theory low-voltage electrolysis waters predicts branch of atoms of hydrogen from molecules of water and the subsequent synthesis of molecules of hydrogen. In this case atoms of hydrogen pass a phase of a free condition at which plasma of atomic hydrogen is necessarily formed, but in real low-voltage processes electrolysis waters any plasma is not formed. Why?
164. Why at plasma electrolysis waters additional thermal energy is generated only at turbulent current of a solution in a zone of plasma?
165. Why in lowcurrent of a cell gases are allocated during many hours after switching-off of the external power supply?
166. Why in empty lowcurrent of a cell there is a positive charge on the top electrode, and negative – on bottom?
167. Why there is a potential on electrodes lowcurrent of cells before refuelling by its solution?
168. Why at refueling lowcurrent of cells the electrolit on its electrodes automatically appears a charge the greater, than on electrodes of an empty cell?
169. Why the potential on electrodes lowcurrent cells does not decrease up to zero?
170. Why protons of atoms of hydrogen cannot exist in a free condition in electrolytic solution?
171. What ion forms acid properties of water if protons of atoms of hydrogen in a molecule of water cannot exist in a free condition?
172. Whether it is possible to reduce considerably expenses of energy for reception of hydrogen from water?
173. How to force molecules and ions of water to generate a significant amount of thermal energy?
174. Why the water-electric generator of heat is capable to generate thermal energy much more than consumed electric energy?
175. Why with increase in quantity of protons and neutrons in nucleus of atoms the share of superfluous neutrons increases?
176. To that intensity of a magnetic field near to the geometrical center of a proton is equal?
177. Under what law intensity of a magnetic field of a proton along an axis of its rotation varies?
178. How many magnetic poles at a magnetic field electron?
179. How many magnetic poles at a magnetic field of a proton?
180. How many magnetic poles at a magnetic field of a neutron?
181. To that is intensity of a magnetic field equal a zone of contact of a proton with a neutron?
182. What nature of nuclear forces and why their size quickly decreases at distance from the center of a nucleus?
183. Why do 100% of beryllium nuclei possess 5 neutrons and four protons?
184.Why carbon is submitted in the Nature by two considerably distinguished properties: fragile graphite and heavy-duty diamond?
185. Why nucleus of atoms of graphite flat, and diamond - absolutely symmetric in space?
186.Why the basic components of explosives are: oxygen, nitrogen and carbon?
187. Why can transmutation of the atomic nuclei take place at the temperature below 10000C (it was considered impossible earlier)?
188.What photons are radiated by electrons at synthesis of atoms and molecules?
189.What photons are radiated at synthesis of nucleus of atoms?
190.What photons form thermal energy in nuclear reactors of atomic power stations?
191.Whether the radiation formed at synthesis of nucleus can, carry out functions of heating of the heat-carrier?
192.What elementary particle of a nucleus radiates scale photons?
193.Whether exists in the Nature neutrino?
194.Whether it is possible to explain misbalance mass transformation of a part of mass into an ether?
195.What is a building material of all elementary particles?
196.What particle was born the first? A photon?, A electron? A proton? A neutron?.......
197.Why thermal photons can exist in a free condition or in structure of electron’s during the moment when they are in atoms?
198.Why scale photons can exist in a free condition or in structure of protons and the neutrons located in nucleus of atoms?
199.Whether there can be scale photons carriers of thermal energy?
200.In what limits the length of a wave of the photons forming thermal energy changes?
201.Whether it is possible to calculate length of a wave of the photons forming temperature in the given area of space?
202.Whether there can plasmoelectrolytic be a process by the basic in controlled transmutation nucleus of atoms of chemical elements?
203.Whether it is possible to separate the future physics of a microcosm from chemistry of a microcosm?
204.Whether will simplify answers to the resulted questions the future textbooks on physchemistry of microcosm?
205.How for a long time new generation of physicists and chemists will master judicial functions of an axiom of Unity?
Conclusion: Answers to listed and many other questions follow from the book «The Foundation a microcosm»
